PASHA_BANK ANNUAL REPORT 2021

(Amounts are expressed in thousands of Turkish Lira (“TL”) unless otherwise stated.) (Convenience Translation of Publicly Announced Financial Statements Originally Issued in Turkish, See Note I of Section Three) PASHA Yatırım Bank A.Ş. Notes to Unconsolidated Financial Statements At 31 December 2021 General Information Remarks on Financial Information and Risk Management Information on Management and Corporate Governance Practices EXPLANATIONS ON ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued) The expected loss calculations are used for financial assets at amortized cost and financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income. In addition, expected loss provision is calculated for financial guarantees, sureties and liabilities that are monitored in off-balance sheet accounts, where the Bank will be exposed to a credit risk. While the Bank takes into account the interest amount in the calculation of the impairment, Stage 1 and Stage 2 consider the interest for the financial assets as gross value and the interest rate for Stage 3 is based on net value. Within the framework of the credit rating methodology, the Bank uses LGD ratios to be calculated by using the PDs corresponding to the external/internal ratings and the coefficient of approximation used within the framework of Basel and BRSA applications. In the calculation of the expected loss provision, for banks and central governments the ratings given by the internationally accepted independent rating institutions are taken as basis. For corporate loans and financial customers other than banks, internal rating model of the Bank are used to evaluate customers. In determining the internal rating grades, the rating scale published by independent credit institutions is taken as a basis, and sub-notches are used to better differentiate customers with low grade bands. In the determination of PD values, independent credit rating agency methodology based on the historical default rates and Bank’s calibration methodology with a forward-looking perspective taking macroeconomic expectations into consideration is used. For customers having a better rating than the Turkey’s rating, a sub-notch below of the country’s rating is applied as a cap. Thus, a prudent approach is applied that doesn’t allow to assign a better rating than country’s one for customers residing in that country. In the last quarter of 2020, some improvements were made to increase the performance of the Bank’s internal rating model. The bank portfolio consists of large companies and financial institutions that are small in number but have a high volume of loan demand. Due to the low number of observations involving bank internal default data, a global rating methodology based on publicly published global methodology documents is used instead of a model based on internal data. The methodology is based on both a financial assessment based on information from the client’s balance sheets and a qualitative assessment, including questions such as management strategy and structure. This assessment is the base module, which is the basis of the Bank’s rating methodology. Then, subsequent adjustment factors such as the parental support, government support, early warning signals and country ceiling are applied in the form of grade increases/decreases on the base module in a modular structure. As of September 2021, the one-year usage period of the internal rating model has been completed. Validation studies were conducted on the discrimination power and reliability of the model based on the one-year usage period data, and it was concluded that it performed at the expected level. In its ECL models, the Bank relies on a broad range of forward looking information as economic inputs, such as gross domestic product and Turkish Banking Sector NPL rates. The inputs and models used for calculating ECLs may not always capture all characteristics of the market at the date of the financial statements. To reflect this, qualitative adjustments or overlays are occasionally made as temporary adjustments when such differences are significantly material. Different scenarios have been applied on macro-economic models in line with management expectations. For LGD ratios, conversion rates of the collaterals received for the financial asset are taken into consideration in the framework of certain coefficients considering the general banking practices and the information published by Basel and BRSA. Personal or corporate warranties received for collaterals are not taken into account in LGD ratio calculation. For EAD to be calculated for the risks that are monitored in the off-balance sheet, the Bank includes to the calculation of the relevant risks within the framework of a credit conversion factor (CCF) application. CCF ratio applied as 100% for cash supply non cash loans and 50% for the rest. With the respect of criteria that mentioned in above paragraph, the expected credit loss provision (ECL), which is ultimately calculated for a financial asset, is calculated as follows: ECL = PD * LGD * EAD * (if any CCF) Expected credit loss calculation is calculated over financial assets that has counterparty risk which in scope of IFRS 9 and off-balance sheet risks that are present each reporting period.